Saturday, June 30, 2012

How Elements Got Synthesised!

Sham S. Misri

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by natural means, and is made of only one kind of atoms.
Nearly 4.5 billion years ago the earth was a ball of molten magma. The magma was made of 92 elements. Elements are made of atoms. Atoms have nuclei of protons and neutrons, with electrons spinning around them. Each of the naturally occurring 92 elements has a different number of electrons and protons in its atoms. The simplest and lightest element is hydrogen. It has one proton in its nucleus, and one electron orbiting its nucleus. If another proton and electron are added to a hydrogen atom, another different element called Helium is formed. The more electrons and protons are added to the atoms of an element, the heavier that element becomes.
99 % of the mass of universe is made up of only two elements: Hydrogen and Helium. Ninety nine percent of the earth however, is made of eight elements: Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium, Sulphur, Nickel, Calcium and Aluminium. The mystery as to why there are so many heavy elements on the earth and   only two main light elements in the universe can be explained by understanding how elements are formed in space.
Some places in the universe have high concentrations of hydrogen that are very hot. When hydrogen reaches the temperature of ten million Kelvin, two atoms of Hydrogen can combine to form one atom of Helium. When this happens, free neutrons from the nucleus of Hydrogen atoms are released as energy, causing more heat. This in turn causes more Hydrogen atoms to fuse together to form helium. When nuclear fusion is taking place this quickly goes in a cloud of hydrogen in space, so much energy is released that a star is born.
As long as a star is burning, nuclear reactions are taking place deep within the star. Not only are helium atoms being formed by nuclear fusion, but other, heavier elements are being formed as well. Thus, Elements are synthesized inside stars!
Two atoms of an element fusing together to form a heavier element is called Nuclear Fusion.
Sometimes nuclear reactions inside a star become so intense and uncontrollable that the star explodes like a gigantic bomb. This phenomenon is known as supernova. When a supernova explodes, atoms of elements the star has synthesised go into space, making new stars and sometimes planets can be born.

Friday, June 29, 2012

Destiny Cannot Be Changed

Sham S. Misri

A sage lived on the banks of a river. The sage and his wife were sad as they had no children. One day, when the sage was in his prayer, a kite dropped a she-mouse in the lap of the Sage. The Sage thought that if he would take the mouse to his home, people would laugh at him. So he changed the mouse into a girl.

The Sage brought the girl to his home. He narrated the whole story to his wife. The sage’s wife did not believe.  “I would bring her back to her original form” said the sage. The Sage’s wife stopped him and said, “Please don’t change her into a mouse. You have given her life so you have become her father. Since you are her father, I am her mother. God must have sent her to us because we don’t have any children”.

The Sage agreed and they brought up the Girl child as their own daughter. Soon the Girl grew into a beautiful maiden. By the age of fifteen, the Sage’s wife decided to get her daughter married. She asked her husband to find a suitable match for their daughter. The Sage liked the idea and suggested that the Sun God would make the best match for their daughter. The wife agreed upon this and the Sage prayed to the Sun God to appear. When the Sun God appeared, the Sage asked him to marry his daughter.

But the Girl refused the idea and said, “I can’t marry the Sun God as he is burning hot. I will be reduced to ashes in his warmth and light”. The Sage got disappointed to hear this from the Girl. He asked the Sun God if he could suggest a groom for his daughter. The Sun God said, “The Lord of Clouds could make a good match for her”.

The Sage then prayed to the Lord of Clouds to appear and asked him to marry his daughter. But the Girl again rejected the proposal and said, “I don’t want to marry a dark person like him.”. The Sage was sad once again and asked the Lord of Clouds if he could suggest a possible groom. The Lord of Clouds said, “Wind God can make a possible match for her as he can easily blow me away”.

The Sage then prayed to the Wind God to appear and asked him to marry his daughter. The Daughter declined the idea and said, “I can’t marry a frail person like the Wind God who is always stirring”. Once again the sage got gloomy and asked the Wind God to give some suggestion. The Wind God replied, “Lord of Mountain is solid and can stop the hard blows of wind easily. He can make a suitable match for your daughter”.

The Sage went to the Lord of Mountain and asked him to marry his daughter. But the Girl once again declined the proposal and said, “I can’t marry the Lord of Mountain because he is too cold-hearted and cannot move”. She asked the Sage to find a softer groom for her. The Sage sought Mountain Lord’s suggestion for the same. The Mountain Lord replied, “A mouse will make a perfect match for her as he is soft and can easily make holes in the mountain”.

The daughter approved the idea of marrying a he-mouse. She was pleased at this proposal. The Sage said, “This is destiny. You came as a mouse and you were fated to marry a mouse”. Saying this, the Sage converted the Girl back to a female mouse. The female mouse got married to a male mouse and lived happily thereafter.

Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Akanandun

Compiled & edited:

Sham S.Misri

There lived a king who had seven daughters. The king and the queen were highly devoted to each other. They desired to have a male baby. Many Holy men came to bless the King with a male child. The king was sad as he had everything except a male child. He wanted to renounce the throne and take to the life of a saint. The queen had faith in holy men and priests.

One day the queen saw a saint who was laughing merrily and was calling for alms. His bare body was smeared with ashes and he had a wooden sandal under his feet. His curly hair ran down to his back, and his eyes were sparkling. He carried an oval bowl in his hand and a bag hung from his shoulder.

The queen requested him to name anything that would please him. "Give me anything in the name of God," replied the saint. The queen gave him a handful of gold coins and precious stones, which he received in his bag. The queen explained to him how she desired for a son. She also told the saint that they had seven daughters and wished that they had a brother. The saint listened, apparently unmoved.
The saint nodded and smiled. Looking at the queen, the saint replied that he would give them a son provided they returned the child to him after twelve years.
The queen agreed.
 "Call the baby by the name of Akanandun,” said the saint.
The queen agreed to all this. She thought all this was not going to happen. The saint took a few strides and was lost to view.
In due course of time the queen was pregnant again. The queen now shared the secret with the king on the condition that he kept it to himself. "It is none else but Akanandun" said the queen to the king who rejoiced in his heart.
"Was it God or man who granted us? The gift?" said the king.
Nine months being over the queen delivered of a male child.

"The saint has indeed made his word good," said the king. The king wanted to give a gift to the saint. The baby was the dearest little child ever born. There were wet-nurses to feed him. They rocked his cradle. The baby was dazzling and beautiful.

His sisters fondled him in all affection. The baby grew into a strong, handsome and intelligent boy. The boy was named as Akanandun, as advised by the saint.
Twelve years passed. Meanwhile, the saint made his call at the palace. The ruler and the queen rushed out to welcome him within. The king and the queen wanted to give the saint the most precious gift he wanted. They requested the saint to ask for aything and they would keep that at his feet.
The saint promptly replied, "I have nothing to do with gifts. I simply want my Akanandun." The saint was harsh and stern; "I have to kill Akanandun and you will be sorry if you try to discourage me."
Everybody who heard it burst into tears except the saint. He divested the child of his garments and ornaments. The child had a bright and radiant body and the saint had him dressed in bright new clothing. In order to kill the child, he got a big knife. Everybody there cried but the saint was entirely remorseless. The saint passed on the knife to the king and asked him to behead the child. The king was in grief and stood motionless. The saint severed the child's body like a butcher.
Akanandun's mother, the queen was crying and weeping bitterly. The saint handed over the torn  parts of the childs body to the queen and warned her,  not to lose the least particle of flesh. When the pile of wood was burning bright, the saint asked her to put the pieces of flesh on it and lid it. The saint asked the queen to make haste, as he was getting hungry. O stonehearted saint, how have I ever offended thee? The saint replied, "O lady, I am indifferent to all the human weal or woe.

After a short while the saint asked her to pick out the flesh and to cool it, as it was his desire not to eat steaming dishes. He then asked for seven freshly baked earthenware bowls. The bowls were got and he distributed the flesh among them all. The queen asked him what for he was dressing up seven bowls with flesh. He replied promptly, "Four are meant for the female folk, two will suffice two males, and one I am keeping for Akanandun." This was a blow, which cut the queen deep in her heart. "How foolishly the fellow speaks," she thought. Meanwhile the saint passed on the bowls to the people for whom they were meant and turning to the queen, said, "O lady, go and call Akanandun upstairs. I shall feel really glad to see him and I can't taste a bit in his absence." This was a shock for her and she could not help saying, "O saint, I completely fail to reach your mind. I have suffered the loss of my son, but have not lost my wits yet." The saint replied, "I'm not what you take me for, O lady; I constantly change my deceptive appearances," and with that he gazed at the queen. Then, he again asked her to call Akanandun from below she could not help going downstairs. And when she called him by name she was surprised to hear Akanandun's voice saying, "Coming mother." Atonce he came to her as before. He was held in fond embrace and carried upstairs. When they went up, another strange thing happened. The saint was nowhere to be seen and the seven bowls of cooked flesh had disappeared.

Saturday, June 23, 2012

Say Cheese, President Washington!


Say Cheese, President Washington!
    George Washington was the first elected president of the United States of America. He served two consecutive terms, from 1789-1797.
George Washington did not smile very much because by the time he was 57 years of age, he had lost all of his teeth. He had dentures, or false teeth, made out of wood, ivory, and even cow’s teeth!

Friday, June 22, 2012

Cyrus Played King in Boyhood

Sham S.Misri

Cyrus the Great was brought up by a herdsman in a hut. Cyrus’s mother was a king’s daughter. The name of the king was Astyages. He had seen a dream. The dreams were interpreted that his daughter’s son would revolt against the king and bring doom to his kingdom. The king thus created circumstances that his daughter’s son when born be killed. This was to be done secretly without the knowledge of his daughter. The situation however takes a turn and Cyrus falls in the hands of a herdsman. The herdsman thus brought up the child called Cyrus in his hut.
Cyrus was fond of sports and plays from his early boyhood. He would take the lead of his playmates in their sports, and made them submit to his decisions. One day the son of an officer of King’s court came from the city, to join these village boys in their sports. They were playing king. In the drama Cyrus was chosen as the king. During the progress of the play, a quarrel arose between Cyrus and the officers’ son. The officer’s son would not obey, and Cyrus beat him. The officer’s son goes home and complained to his father. The father protested against such dishonor offered to his son by a peasant boy. The officer approached the king, and demanded that the little boy be punished.
The officer took his son with him along with proofs of the violence against the herdsman's son, who had been alleged guilty, by showing the bruises that had been produced by the blows.
"Is this the treatment that my boy is to receive from the son of one of your slaves?" he asked, angrily, of the king.
The king thought that the officer had just cause to complain. The officers’ son and Cyrus advanced into the presence of the king. The king was much struck, with Cyrus’s appearance. He, however, sternly laid to his charge the accusation which the officer had brought against him. Pointing to officer’s son, all bruised and swollen, he asked, "Is that the way that you, a mere herdsman's boy, dare to treat the son of one of my officers’ and nobles?"
The little prince looked up into his strict judge's face with a fearless expression. "My lord," said he, "what I have done I am able to justify. I did punish this boy, and I had a right to do so. I was king, and he was my subject, and he would not obey me. If you think that for this I deserve punishment myself, here I am; I am ready to suffer it."
Then the king told the officer and his son that they might retire. The king then took the herdsman aside, and asked him, whose boy that was, and where he had obtained him.
The herdsman was terrified. He replied, however, that the boy was his own son, and that his mother was living at home, in the hut where they all resided. The king got suspicious; and did not believe what he said. He was sure that there was some mystery to the origin of the boy, which the herdsman was deliberately withholding. The king ordered his guards to take herdsman into custody. The terrified herdsman then said that he would explain all, and he related honestly the whole story.
The king greatly rejoiced to find that the child was alive. On one hand king was puzzled to know that his own man had failed of obeying his command to destroy his daughter’s son, while on the other hand he was happy that his grandchild was alive.
When the king came to know the circumstances of his grandchild having been exchanged for the dead child of Herdsman’s wife he was happy. The Herdsman’s wife whose name was Spaco had brought up the kings grandson in the herdsman's hut. The king then knew the manner in which the infant had been preserved, and was still alive. He greatly rejoiced at this discovery.
 "After he was dead, as I supposed," Said the king, "I bitterly repented of having given orders to destroy him. I could not bear my daughter's grief, which she constantly uttered against me. But the child is alive, and all is well; and I am going to give a grand entertainment as a festival of rejoicing on the occasion."
The king then requested herdsman to send his son, who was about thirteen years of age, to the palace. The herdsman then called his son, directed him to prepare himself to go to the king and live there. This child was Cyrus the Great.

Sunday, June 17, 2012

Chaneh suinz Zananeh (Carpenter’s wife)

Sham S. Misri

Long ago there lived three men. One was the tribal chief, the second a carpenter, and the third the chief's cook.
The carpenter was married to a very beautiful woman. The cook liked her very much and wanted her for himself. But she was a very upright woman and would not let him get anywhere near her. The cook thought of killing the carpenter in order to have her.
One day the father of the tribal chief died. The cook thought of killing the carpenter. The cook knew the art of writing religious scriptures. He succeeded in writing and reproducing an old and mysterious style document. He then handed it to the chief, saying, "Master, here is a document I came across some days back. I cannot understand a word of it and have brought it here for you to decode."
The chief was confused by the writing and passed it on to his secretary. After reading it, the secretary said, "This document claims to be from the old chief. In it he says that he has ascended to heaven and is now serving as an official there, but he doesn't have an official house. He asks you, Master, to send him a carpenter -- to direct the construction of such a house."
The chief thought that his father had no place to lay his head in heaven. He sent for the carpenter, showed him the document and ordered him to go to heaven at once.
The carpenter wanted seven days to prepare. After that time a wood burning ceremony in the field behind the carpenter’s house was performed to send him off. Then he would be able to ascend to heaven to build the house. The chief agreed.
When the carpenter left, he made some investigations. He wanted to find out where the chief had got this idea. He found that the evil plot against him was hatched by the cook.
He went home and told his wife that the chief wanted him to go and build a house in heaven. He told her that he must have been tricked by the cook.
The carpenter did not dare refuse the chief, but asked him to hold a Twig Burning Ceremony behind his house before he would go.
The carpenter suggested that there was only one way that could save him. Both of them had to dig a tunnel in the night leading from the field to their bedroom.
The carpenter’s wife developed hatred for the cook. She was willing to do anything to save her husband. So every day when night fell, the two of them dug the tunnel in secret. When completed they sealed the entrance with a slab of stone.
When the day came, the carpenter had to ascend to heaven. Many people came; the cook and the chief had come to send him off. They made a pile of wood in the field and asked the carpenter to sling his tool-kit over his shoulder. They made him stand in the middle, lit the wood and watched the smoke rise, "carrying him up to heaven".
The cook was afraid that as soon as the wood was lit, the carpenter would cry out in terror.
"Come on!" shouted the cook to the crowd. “The carpenter is on his way to heaven to build a house for our old chief!"
The chief came over to have a look. The cook pointed happily to the rising smoke and said, "Master, you see, there goes his horse. The carpenter is on his way to heaven."
The chief was delighted. The moment the wood was lit and the smoke began rising into the sky, the carpenter raised the slab and escaped through the tunnel back to his own bedroom.
He confined himself to his house for a year. His wife did all the outside work herself. Meanwhile, the cook tried many ways of marrying the carpenter's wife, and she avoided him. He failed completely to attain his goal.
While the carpenter was hiding at home, he practiced the calligraphy of writing old scriptures. He prepared a document written in the authentic style and kept it with him. On the first anniversary of his "ascent to heaven" he went and stood on the very spot where he was supposed to have been burnt. The carpenter with same tool-kit on his shoulder called out, "How is everybody? I've just returned back from heaven."
His wife was the first to come out. She pretended to be extremely surprised and hurried over to report the news to the chief.
The chief was very happy when he heard that the carpenter was back. He welcomed him and invited him to stay in his home. He wanted to find out how his father was doing in heaven.
On meeting the chief, the carpenter said, "When I was constructing the house in heaven, the old chief treated me with kindness. The building of house is finished. Only one thing is lacking: a cook. The old chief misses his old cook very much. He wants the cook to go up to heaven and manage things for him. After a period of time he can come back."
This said, he promptly produced the document and showed it to the chief, adding that it was the old chief who had asked him to bring it down.
The chief read the document and was convinced by the whole story. He sent for the cook and asked him to go and work for the old chief in his newly-built house in heaven.
When the cook saw the carpenter standing there after his "ascent to heaven, he just didn't know what to do.”Perhaps he really possess some sort of magic power", he thought to himself. "It was my idea for him to go to heaven, and he actually seems to have done so! Perhaps it really is possible to fly to heaven, and the old chief really does have a new house there!"
He followed the carpenter's example and asked for a Twig Burning Ceremony, which was held in the field behind his house to send him off to heaven. He thought that since the carpenter could come back, he could too. On the fixed day the cook stood in the middle of the wood, and the chief gave the order to light the wood and send him off to heaven.
The wood was burnt and a pile of charred bones was found among the ashes. The cook never came back. The carpenter’s wife cost him his life.

Saturday, June 16, 2012

Oedipus complex

Sham S.Misri

In the Greek legend a wise man had predicted that the kings own child would kill him. When the king’s child was born, he was left to die by the king with a spear in his foot. The baby was found by a shepherd, who named him Oedipus. The shepherd then gave the child to another king Polybus of Corinth to be adopted by him. When Oedipus grew up, he heard a rumour that he was not the biological son of Polybus and his wife. He then questioned the King and Queen, who denied it. Oedipus was still suspicious. He asked the wise man who his real parents were. The wise man seemed to ignore this question, telling him instead that he was destined to "take his own mother to wife and kill his own father".
When Oedipus heard this he was worried. He had a belief that king Polybus and his queen were his true parents. He thought of being away from them, so that he would never harm them. When Oedipus left he met a monster, a creature who would only let the person who could solve its' riddle live.
The question was: what begins with four legs lives with two and dies with three.
The wise Oedipus answered: man, for he is born crawling, lives walking and dies with a Cain in his hand. Then he killed the monster.
As a reward for killing the monster, Oedipus married Queen Jocasta. The queen did not know who Oedipus really was. They had four children. Later Queen Jocasta came to know that she was both the mother and wife of Oedipus. This was not her choice, but rather was the result of a series of events. She was the mother of Oedipus. She did a horrible thing in the innocence of her heart; for she married her own son, and he had slain his own father first. The wise men had kept it secret from people's knowledge for some time. So Oedipus continued to be the king.
On discovering who he really was, Oedipus tore out his eyes, cursed himself and his sons and left the city with the queen and committed suicide. Oedipus tried to do everything possible to escape the wise man’s ruling and punished himself by blinding when he learned that he had unwittingly committed both these crimes.
Oedipus complex is a term used to explain the childhood desire to sleep with the mother and to kill the father. Essentially, a boy feels like he is in competition with his father for possession of his mother. He views his father as a rival for her attentions and affections.
 

Friday, June 15, 2012

Lembi Manz Pamposh (Lotus)

Sham S.Misri

The Lotus is a symbol of beauty, purity and integrity. It is the national flower of India. Poets have used the lotus to represent the female beauty. It grows from the muddy bottoms of lakes and ponds.
Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth is often visualised with a golden lotus.  The lotus has fragrant flowers, usually pink or white. The stems are hollow and straight while the leaves are waterproof because of a network of small, closely-set hairs. After the lotus


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